Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow modulate the stress response, causing females under stress to secrete more of the trigger chemicals like CRF than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.(对于人类和动物的调查表明：调节压力反应的性激素使得处于压力下的女性比处于同等条件下的男性分泌更多的像CRF的诱发化学元素．在一些调查中，当受压力的雌老鼠切除她们的卵巢，她们的化学反应将和雄性相同）
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that／explain,indicate,reveal sex hormones somehow modulate the stress response, causing females under stress to secrete more of the trigger(1) chemicals like CRF than do males under the same conditions.
In several of/a couple of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries removed(2), their chemical responses became equal to/be equal to those of the males
(1)trigger:表触发,激发／ignite/spark/fuel
（２）have sb do,have sth done
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.（ their chemical responses ，还有卵巢，性激素，CRF等生理词语）
Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.(男人引起？）
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.（这两段也没说更有经验，更有可能患，但没说处理好啊）
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress（面对压力不同的倾向，好象没说到啊，下面到是说了反应，不过前两段好象没呢）
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
（加上女性较多的压力化学元素，她们处于压力的可能也较大．＂女性没有必要去应对它．只是因为她们有实在太多的要去应对了．＂DR说：＂她们忍受压力的能力甚至可能比男人们都要好．＂她评论到．＂她们处理实在太多的事情以至与她们会明显而且更快地精疲力竭Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that(1) women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with/face up to,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity／skill for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “It’s just that they’re dealing with/tackle,wrok out so many more things that(2) they become worn out from/exhausted it more visibly and sooner.”
(1)个人认为是强调句型的吧，没有必要地，it is ... that
（２）so ... that...如此．．．以至于
Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women(应该定位在这段）
[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.（处理解决压力？没说啊）
Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.（greater limited相反）
[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.（tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s，可能会混在这里，可是这里是忍受不是闭开，而且这里是可能）
[D] Are exposed to more stress.
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”（Dr指出两性的另一个区别．＂我认为女性所接触的将会更具有慢性和反复性．男人们参加竞争并接触到竞争的压力．男性表现出来的更多是随意的生理上疯狂．不幸的是，而女性所反应出来这种人际间的狂暴，趋向与在父母和其他家庭成员这类家庭关系上．她们并不是一次性的．这种长时间的折磨是毁灭性的．）
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of／sorts of things that women are exposed to/所接触的，暴露出的
tend to趋向与 be in more of a chronic／慢性的acutely急性的 or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence／生理上的. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations／国内的，international国际的, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be
one-shot deals.一次性的 The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating
According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary. （to be one-shot deals相反）
irregular and violent.（Men ．．．random）
[C] durable and frequent.（持续的，经常的） ＝a chronic or repeated
[D] trivial and random.
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”（AA，18岁结婚而且生下一个儿子，但是她决定完成她的大学学习．＂我拼命学习想要获得大学学位．为了上学，并且取得好成绩，我生活在我逃避现实的困境之中．＂不久后她的婚姻结束了她变成了一个单身母亲．照顾小孩，寻找工作，付房租，付汽车相关费用，付债务是最困难的事情．我的生活在工资和生活支出中循环）
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.（不是每个人都经历过她所描述的这么多持续压力．但是今天大多数女性不停地应对困难并且感到压力．A的经历表明：在它威胁你的健康和行动前，找到方式去分散压力是多么的重要）
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to／give rise to 导致 a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to/strive to, scramble to get the college degree/(1). I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of/care for a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to(1) paycheck
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with/face,face up to a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain(3). Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function
(1)追求高的学历pursue /do a higher degree,深造further education
(2)from．．．to从...到...，举例from sth to sth to sth．．．
(3)strain=stress,put a heavy strain on
24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.(从前面说要付那么多钱可以看出）
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
这两段考研卷儿上没有呢!呵呵,我也搞下,请大家斧正
Adeline Alvarez told She TV how a lifetime of chronic stress finally overwhelmed her. "My mom was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in 1964 when my sister was born," she recalls, "and there were times that she wouldn't even know who we were, and it wasn't good for us to be with her, so they would separate us. I just had this little world of my own and I cried a lot."(AA告诉She TV伴随她一生的持续压力最后是怎么把她压跨的."在1964年我妹妹出生时,我妈妈被诊断出有偏执精神分裂."她继续说:"有的时候她不知道我们是谁,与她在一起将对我们没什么好处,所以他们将我们分开了.我只有那么点依靠,我很伤心(哭得很厉害).")
Adeline Alvarez told She TV how a lifetime of(1) chronic stress finally overwhelmed /压倒the overwhelming majority of her. "My mom was diagnosed with/被诊断出 paranoid schizophrenia in 1964 when my sister was born," she recalls, "and there were times that she wouldn't even know who we were, and it wasn't good for/be good for us to be with her, so they would separate us/divide. I just had this little world of my own and I cried a lot
(1)a lifetime of:一生,使用期限,终身.a lifetime of his experience终身经验, a lifetime of the government,任期;be not published during his lifetime,有生之年
Finally, the relentless pressure became too much to bear. "I went into a severe depression. I found myself in the attic looking at these pictures and crying over them, blaming myself like 'what did I do?'" Alvarez recalls. "I was beating myself up. I lost my job, and I really broke down. Then the car broke down on top of that. I had a nervous breakdown for two months in the house and I couldn't function. I wouldn't even go out to shop."("最后,残酷的压力实在无法忍受.我变得很抑郁.我发现自己在阁楼上看到这些照片，并哭起来，埋怨自己像'我做了什么?'"A 回忆说:"我自暴自弃.我失去了工作,并且跨了下来.(然后汽车倒在它的最上面??).在家中我精神委靡了两个月了并且我无法行动甚至不敢去买东西."
Finally, the relentless pressure became too much to bear. "I went into a severe depression. I found myself in the attic looking at these pictures and crying over them, blaming myself/(1) like 'what did I do?'" Alvarez recalls. "I was beating myself up. I lost my job, and I really broke down. Then the car broke down on top of(2) that. I had a nervous breakdown for two months in the house and I couldn't function. I wouldn't even go out to shop
(1)blame sth on sb ,blame sb for sth
(2) put ... on top of one's agenda
呵呵谢谢老师鼓励啊，我要继续保持啊！16楼的，这辆好像是德国二战时期的主战坦克，世界上最精良的坦克“虎式”坦克吧！就连世界名将蒙哥马利，也要用4辆谢耳曼坦克才能战胜一辆虎式
[em01]In 1784, five years before he became president of the
In 1784, five years before he became president of the
months/打错了吧,mouths of his slaves
That’s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it
(这与人们从历史书上读到的砍樱桃树的华盛顿有很大的不同.但是最近很多历史学家开始是关注奴隶制在这些建国者生命中所扮演的角色.他们已促使部分年由一个1998年的明确证明杰弗逊与他的奴隶SH至少生了一个孩子DNA证据.仅从过去30年,学者们从整个历史来解释.很多历史学家表示道德上的妥协是由这个新生国家早期的领导人和纤弱的性质所造成的.更重要的是,他们认为很多建国者知道奴隶制是错误的但是却很少去反对.)
That’s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most/the majority,bulk of替换 people remember from their history books. But recently/currently,nowadays, many historians have begun to focus on/fix on the roles slavery played in(1) the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred/刺激.鞭策 in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it/fight against
(1)play a key role in /play a big part in起很大的重要
36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.(明显文章重点不是说医学什么的)
demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.(可能会犹豫在这里,从奴隶上拔牙好象是有点残酷,可是奴隶制是否残酷一直没提到,下文也没展开怎么残酷)
[C] stress the role of slaves in the
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books这句很明显啊,华盛顿印象很伟大,但是这个事情却与以前的印象不同
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
in its early days the
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.(历史学者认为,更重要的是这些建立者被他们那个时代文化所阻挠.虽然华盛顿和杰弗逊私下里表示对奴隶制不齿,他们却知道它是他们所创造懂得这个国家的政治经济基石)
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered/hinder by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste/表示不齿 for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
(例如,南方无法承受他们奴隶的负担.拥有奴隶就好象一个大的银行帐户.AIG的作者W说,华盛顿,他的奴隶,创造了美国.南方各州不会签署不带有包含将一个奴隶算做一个有3/5国会代表权的条款的特殊制度保护的宪法.)
For one thing/For example, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed
(政治家们的政治生命取决与奴隶制.3/5的公式(上文中奴隶3/5换算)使得1800年杰弗逊在大选中的险胜由于南方各洲选民的高涨,一次在办公室,1803年杰弗逊延长奴役与路易斯安那的购买,新的土地被分成13个洲，其中包括3名奴隶州.)
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on/rely on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed
Still,
Still,
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.(可能这里会有问题,不过我自己想他的观点一直没变啊,只不过观点是复杂的而已,就是表面反对,但它又是基石要依靠)
His status as a father made him free the child slaves. freed Hemings’s children(给H的孩子,不一定是杰弗逊的那个)
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.(privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also ...表面,但是现实,表明他的态度是复杂的)
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.(他与奴隶私会影响威信?重点明显不是这个)
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.牛Sir 解释的很清楚了啊
Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery wad regarded as a peculiar institution.
40.
[A] moral considerations.
military experience. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,
[C] financial conditions.
[D] political stand.